References

Every source cited in these notes, numbered as in the lessons.

[1] J. Albers, Interaction of Color, Yale University Press, 1963.

[2] W. K. Asbeck and M. Van Loo, Critical pigment volume relationships, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 41 (1949), 1470–1475.

[3] R. S. Berns, Billmeyer and Saltzman’s Principles of Color Technology, 4th ed., Wiley, 2019.

[4] C. F. Bohren and D. R. Huffman, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, Wiley, New York, 1983.

[5] D. J. C. Briggs, The Dimensions of Colour: Modern Colour Theory for Traditional and Digital Painting Media, http://www.huevaluechroma.com, 2007–2024.

[6] D. J. C. Briggs, Colour wheels, in The Dimensions of Colour, http://www.huevaluechroma.com/061.php, 2017.

[7] R. Bujack, E. Teti, J. Miller, E. Caffrey and T. L. Turton, The non-Riemannian nature of perceptual color space, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119 (2022), e2119753119.

[8] G. Buxbaum and G. Pfaff (eds.), Industrial Inorganic Pigments, 3rd ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.

[9] S. Chandrasekhar, Radiative Transfer, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1950; reprinted by Dover, New York, 1960.

[10] M. E. Chevreul, De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs, Pitois-Levrault, Paris, 1839.

[11] CIE, Colorimetry, 4th ed., CIE 015:2018, Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage, Vienna, 2018.

[12] CIE 170-1:2006, Fundamental Chromaticity Diagram with Physiological Axes, Part 1; CIE 170-2:2015, Part 2: Spectral Luminous Efficiency Functions and Chromaticity Diagrams.

[13] CIE S 017:2020, ILV: International Lighting Vocabulary, 2nd ed., Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage, Vienna, 2020.

[14] CIE 159:2004, A Colour Appearance Model for Colour Management Systems: CIECAM02, Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage, Vienna, 2004.

[15] Color Nerd, Split-primary palettes miss this paint mixing insight, Color Wheel Wednesday, episode 29, video, 7 October 2026, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0JkjnerdOw.

[16] Color Nerd, The real reason your palette has two of every color, Color Wheel Wednesday, episode 20, video, 23 July 2026, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bT7NNuENBOQ.

[17] C. A. Curcio, K. R. Sloan, R. E. Kalina and A. E. Hendrickson, Human photoreceptor topography, Journal of Comparative Neurology 292 (1990), 497–523.

[18] C. A. Curcio, K. A. Allen, K. R. Sloan, C. L. Lerea, J. B. Hurley, I. B. Klock and A. H. Milam, Distribution and morphology of human cone photoreceptors stained with anti-blue opsin, Journal of Comparative Neurology 312 (1991), 610–624.

[19] D. M. Dacey, Parallel pathways for spectral coding in primate retina, Annual Review of Neuroscience 23 (2000), 743–775.

[20] S. S. Deeb, The molecular basis of variation in human color vision, Clinical Genetics 67 (2005), 369–377.

[21] J. R. DeVore, Refractive indices of rutile and sphalerite, Journal of the Optical Society of America 41 (1951), 416–419.

[22] D. R. Duncan, The colour of pigment mixtures, Proceedings of the Physical Society 52 (1940), 390–401.

[23] M. D. Fairchild, Color Appearance Models, 3rd ed., Wiley, 2013.

[24] Golden Artist Colors, Inc., spectral reflectance data for 78 Heavy Body acrylics (10 mil wet drawdowns over a white Leneta card, D65, \(10\degree\) observer, 400–700 nm), published by A. Glassner and E. Haines, Golden Paint Spectra, https://www.realtimerendering.com/golden.html, 2025.

[25] Golden Artist Colors, Inc., Heavy Body Acrylics: Pigment Detail Chart, https://goldenartistcolors.com, 2025.

[26] H. Grassmann, Zur Theorie der Farbenmischung, Annalen der Physik und Chemie 89 (1853), 69–84.

[27] J. Guild, The colorimetric properties of the spectrum, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A 230 (1932), 149–187.

[28] J. Gurney, Color and Light: A Guide for the Realist Painter, Andrews McMeel, 2010.

[29] A. Hård and L. Sivik, NCS, Natural Color System: a Swedish standard for color notation, Color Research and Application 6 (1981), 129–138.

[30] E. Hecht, Optics, 5th ed., Pearson, 2017.

[31] W. Herbst and K. Hunger, Industrial Organic Pigments: Production, Properties, Applications, 3rd ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004.

[32] E. Hering, Zur Lehre vom Lichtsinne, Gerold, Vienna, 1878; English translation Outlines of a Theory of the Light Sense, L. M. Hurvich and D. Jameson, trans., Harvard University Press, 1964.

[33] H. Hofer, J. Carroll, J. Neitz, M. Neitz and D. R. Williams, Organization of the human trichromatic cone mosaic, Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005), 9669–9679.

[34] R. W. G. Hunt, Light and dark adaptation and the perception of color, Journal of the Optical Society of America 42 (1952), 190–199.

[35] L. M. Hurvich and D. Jameson, An opponent-process theory of color vision, Psychological Review 64 (1957), 384–404.

[36] IEC 61966-2-1:1999, Multimedia systems and equipment. Colour measurement and management. Part 2-1: Colour management. Default RGB colour space: sRGB.

[37] J. Itten, The Art of Color, Reinhold, 1961.

[38] D. B. Judd, D. L. MacAdam and G. Wyszecki, Spectral distribution of typical daylight as a function of correlated color temperature, Journal of the Optical Society of America 54 (1964), 1031–1040.

[39] G. A. Klein, Industrial Color Physics, Springer Series in Optical Sciences 154, Springer, New York, 2010.

[40] P. Kubelka and F. Munk, Ein Beitrag zur Optik der Farbanstriche, Zeitschrift für technische Physik 12 (1931), 593–601.

[41] R. G. Kuehni, Color Space and Its Divisions: Color Order from Antiquity to the Present, Wiley, 2003.

[42] R. Levinson, P. Berdahl and H. Akbari, Solar spectral optical properties of pigments, Part I: Model for deriving scattering and absorption coefficients from transmittance and reflectance measurements, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 89 (2005), 319–349.

[43] R. Levinson, P. Berdahl and H. Akbari, Solar spectral optical properties of pigments, Part II: Survey of common colorants, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 89 (2005), 351–389; the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Pigment Database, https://coolcolors.lbl.gov/LBNL-Pigment-Database/database.html.

[44] C. Li, Z. Li, Z. Wang, Y. Xu, M. R. Luo, G. Cui, M. Melgosa, M. H. Brill and M. Pointer, Comprehensive color solutions: CAM16, CAT16, and CAM16-UCS, Color Research and Application 42 (2017), 703–718.

[45] M. R. Luo, G. Cui and B. Rigg, The development of the CIE 2000 colour-difference formula: CIEDE2000, Color Research and Application 26 (2001), 340–350.

[46] D. L. MacAdam, Visual sensitivities to color differences in daylight, Journal of the Optical Society of America 32 (1942), 247–274.

[47] D. L. MacAdam, The theory of the maximum visual efficiency of colored materials, Journal of the Optical Society of America 25 (1935), 249–252; Maximum visual efficiency of colored materials, ibid. 361–367.

[48] B. MacEvoy, handprint: colormaking attributes, color vision, the geometry of color perception, modern color models, color temperature, color wheels, the pigment guides, https://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/wcolor.html, 1998–2023.

[49] M. Menke, Can color mixing be perceptually uniform?, preprint, October 2026.

[50] G. Mie, Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen, Annalen der Physik (4) 25 (1908), 377–445.

[51] M. Mohammadi and R. S. Berns, Verification of the Kubelka–Munk Turbid Media Theory for Artist Acrylic Paint, technical report, Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, 2004.

[52] P. S. Mudgett and L. W. Richards, Multiple scattering calculations for technology, Applied Optics 10 (1971), 1485–1502.

[53] N. Moroney, M. D. Fairchild, R. W. G. Hunt, C. Li, M. R. Luo and T. Newman, The CIECAM02 color appearance model, in Proceedings of the IS&T/SID Tenth Color Imaging Conference, 2002, 23–27.

[54] A. H. Munsell, A Color Notation, Ellis, 1905.

[55] A. H. Munsell, Atlas of the Munsell Color System, Wadsworth-Howland, 1915.

[56] Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, CAMEO: Conservation and Art Materials Encyclopedia Online, https://cameo.mfa.org.

[57] K. Nassau, The Physics and Chemistry of Color: The Fifteen Causes of Color, 2nd ed., Wiley, 2001.

[58] S. M. Newhall, D. Nickerson and D. B. Judd, Final report of the O.S.A. subcommittee on the spacing of the Munsell colors, Journal of the Optical Society of America 33 (1943), 385–418.

[59] Y. Okumura, Developing a Spectral and Colorimetric Database of Artist Paint Materials, M.S. thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology, 2005, https://repository.rit.edu/theses/4892.

[60] B. Ottosson, A perceptual color space for image processing, https://bottosson.github.io/posts/oklab/, 2020.

[61] M. R. Pointer, The gamut of real surface colours, Color Research and Application 5 (1980), 145–155.

[62] A. R. Robertson, The CIE 1976 color-difference formulae, Color Research and Application 2 (1977), 7–11.

[63] S. Sands, The subtleties of color, Just Paint, Golden Artist Colors, 1 September 2009, https://justpaint.org/the-subtleties-of-color/.

[64] J. L. Saunderson, Calculation of the color of pigmented plastics, Journal of the Optical Society of America 32 (1942), 727–736.

[65] B. E. Schefrin and J. S. Werner, Loci of spectral unique hues throughout the life span, Journal of the Optical Society of America A 7 (1990), 305–311.

[66] J. A. Seiner and H. L. Gerhart, Light scattering from microvoids: applications to polymer coatings, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development 12 (1973), 98–109.

[67] G. Sharma, W. Wu and E. N. Dalal, The CIEDE2000 color-difference formula: implementation notes, supplementary test data, and mathematical observations, Color Research and Application 30 (2005), 21–30.

[68] D. M. Sherman and T. D. Waite, Electronic spectra of Fe\(^{3+}\) oxides and oxide hydroxides in the near IR to near UV, American Mineralogist 70 (1985), 1262–1269.

[69] J. C. Stevens and S. S. Stevens, Brightness function: effects of adaptation, Journal of the Optical Society of America 53 (1963), 375–385.

[70] A. Stockman and L. T. Sharpe, The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive cones derived from measurements in observers of known genotype, Vision Research 40 (2000), 1711–1737.

[71] L. A. Taplin and R. S. Berns, Art-SI Art Material Library: BYK-mac multi-angle spectral measurements, version 1.2, Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, 2011.

[72] S. Twomey, C. F. Bohren and J. L. Mergenthaler, Reflectance and albedo differences between wet and dry surfaces, Applied Optics 25 (1986), 431–437.

[73] J. von Kries, Theoretische Studien über die Umstimmung des Sehorgans, in Festschrift der Albrecht-Ludwigs-Universität in Freiburg, C. A. Wagner, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1902; abridged English translation, Chromatic adaptation, in D. L. MacAdam (ed.), Sources of Color Science, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1970.

[74] W. E. Vargas and G. A. Niklasson, Applicability conditions of the Kubelka–Munk theory, Applied Optics 36 (1997), 5580–5586.

[75] M. Wilcox, Blue and Yellow Don’t Make Green, Artways, 1987; US edition Rockport, 1989.

[76] M. Wilcox, Getting the Most from the Wilcox Mixing Palette, School of Colour Publications, 2003.

[77] W. D. Wright, A re-determination of the trichromatic coefficients of the spectral colours, Transactions of the Optical Society 30 (1929), 141–164.

[78] G. Wyszecki and W. S. Stiles, Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae, 2nd ed., Wiley, 1982.

[79] S. Zeki, J. D. G. Watson, C. J. Lueck, K. J. Friston, C. Kennard and R. S. J. Frackowiak, A direct demonstration of functional specialization in human visual cortex, Journal of Neuroscience 11 (1991), 641–649.

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